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Adrenocortical hormone
Adrenocortical hormones are polycyclic molecules produced by the adrenal cortex in the outer region of the adrenal gland. Also referred to as steroid hormones, adrenocortical hormones have a variety of roles that are crucial for the human body’s response to stress, and additionally regulate other functions in the body. Threats to homeostasis, such as physical injury, chemical imbalances, infection, or psychological stress, can initiate a stress response. Examples of adrenocortical hormones that are involved in the stress response are aldosterone and cortisol. These hormones also function in regulating the conservation of water by the kidneys and glucose metabolism, respectively.〔Genest, J., Biron, P., Koiw, E., Nowaczynski, W., Chretien, M., & Boucher, R. (1961). Adrenocortical hormones in human hypertension and their relation to angiotensin. Circulation Research, 9, 775-791.〕
==Classes==
Adrenocortical hormones are divided into three classes by function: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoid hormones are synthesized in the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex known as the zona glomerulosa.〔Shier, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R. “Adrenal Glands.” Hole’s Human Anatomy & Physiology. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 504-508.〕 Their function is to regulate the concentration of electrolytes circulating in the blood.〔 For example, aldosterone functions to raise blood sodium levels and lower blood potassium levels by targeting the kidneys. Specifically, it binds receptors of cells that comprise the distal tubules of the kidneys which then stimulate ion channels to conserve sodium and excrete potassium.〔(J. M. C., & Davies, E. (2005). The new biology of aldosterone. Journal of Endocrinology, 186, 1-20. )〕 Additionally, the ion gradient initiates conservation of water.
The glucocorticoid family of hormones is synthesized in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex known as the zona fasciculata. These hormones regulate the processing of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates by the human body. They also play a role in maintaining a normal stress response cycle.
The last class of adrenocortical hormones is androgens. Androgens, or sex hormones, are synthesized in the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex known as the zona reticularis. These hormones, such as estrogen in females and testosterone in males, are commonly known for promoting sexual characteristics and the maturation of reproductive organs of the respective gender.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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